kern/arch/x86/paging_tmpl.h - upstream - Git at Google

 /*
  * We need the mmu code to access both 32-bit and 64-bit guest ptes,
  * so the code in this file is compiled twice, once per pte size.
  */

 #if PTTYPE == 64
 	#define pt_element_t uint64_t
 	#define guest_walker guest_walker64
 	#define FNAME(name) paging##64_##name
 	#define PT_BASE_ADDR_MASK PT64_BASE_ADDR_MASK
 	#define PT_DIR_BASE_ADDR_MASK PT64_DIR_BASE_ADDR_MASK
 	#define PT_INDEX(addr, level) PT64_INDEX(addr, level)
 	#define SHADOW_PT_INDEX(addr, level) PT64_INDEX(addr, level)
 	#define PT_LEVEL_MASK(level) PT64_LEVEL_MASK(level)
 	#define PT_PTE_COPY_MASK PT64_PTE_COPY_MASK
 	#define PT_NON_PTE_COPY_MASK PT64_NON_PTE_COPY_MASK
 #elif PTTYPE == 32
 	#define pt_element_t uint32_t
 	#define guest_walker guest_walker32
 	#define FNAME(name) paging##32_##name
 	#define PT_BASE_ADDR_MASK PT32_BASE_ADDR_MASK
 	#define PT_DIR_BASE_ADDR_MASK PT32_DIR_BASE_ADDR_MASK
 	#define PT_INDEX(addr, level) PT32_INDEX(addr, level)
 	#define SHADOW_PT_INDEX(addr, level) PT64_INDEX(addr, level)
 	#define PT_LEVEL_MASK(level) PT32_LEVEL_MASK(level)
 	#define PT_PTE_COPY_MASK PT32_PTE_COPY_MASK
 	#define PT_NON_PTE_COPY_MASK PT32_NON_PTE_COPY_MASK
 #else
 	#error Invalid PTTYPE value
 #endif

 /*
  * The guest_walker structure emulates the behavior of the hardware page
  * table walker.
  */
 struct guest_walker {
 	int level;
 	pt_element_t *table;
 	pt_element_t inherited_ar;
 };

 static void FNAME(init_walker)(struct guest_walker *walker,
 			       struct litevm_vcpu *vcpu)
 {
 	hpa_t hpa;
 	struct litevm_memory_slot *slot;

 	walker->level = vcpu->mmu.root_level;
 	slot = gfn_to_memslot(vcpu->litevm,
 			      (vcpu->cr3 & PT64_BASE_ADDR_MASK) >> PAGE_SHIFT);
 	hpa = safe_gpa_to_hpa(vcpu, vcpu->cr3 & PT64_BASE_ADDR_MASK);
 	// well, it seems that stuff is always addressable in akaros. I hope.
 	//walker->table = vmap_pmem(ppn2page(hpa >> PAGE_SHIFT), PAGE_SIZE);
 	walker->table = KADDR(hpa);

 	ASSERT((!is_long_mode() && is_pae()) ||
 	       (vcpu->cr3 & ~(PAGE_MASK | CR3_FLAGS_MASK)) == 0);

 	walker->table = (pt_element_t *)( (unsigned long)walker->table |
 		(unsigned long)(vcpu->cr3 & ~(PAGE_MASK | CR3_FLAGS_MASK)) );
 	walker->inherited_ar = PT_USER_MASK | PT_WRITABLE_MASK;
 }

 static void FNAME(release_walker)(struct guest_walker *walker)
 {
 	//vunmap_pmem(walker->table, PAGE_SIZE);
 }

 static void FNAME(set_pte)(struct litevm_vcpu *vcpu, uint64_t guest_pte,
 			   uint64_t *shadow_pte, uint64_t access_bits)
 {
 	ASSERT(*shadow_pte == 0);
 	access_bits &= guest_pte;
 	*shadow_pte = (guest_pte & PT_PTE_COPY_MASK);
 	set_pte_common(vcpu, shadow_pte, guest_pte & PT_BASE_ADDR_MASK,
 		       guest_pte & PT_DIRTY_MASK, access_bits);
 }

 static void FNAME(set_pde)(struct litevm_vcpu *vcpu, uint64_t guest_pde,
 			   uint64_t *shadow_pte, uint64_t access_bits,
 			   int index)
 {
 	gpa_t gaddr;

 	ASSERT(*shadow_pte == 0);
 	access_bits &= guest_pde;
 	gaddr = (guest_pde & PT_DIR_BASE_ADDR_MASK) + PAGE_SIZE * index;
 	if (PTTYPE == 32 && is_cpuid_PSE36())
 		gaddr |= (guest_pde & PT32_DIR_PSE36_MASK) <<
 			(32 - PT32_DIR_PSE36_SHIFT);
 	*shadow_pte = (guest_pde & PT_NON_PTE_COPY_MASK) |
 		          ((guest_pde & PT_DIR_PAT_MASK) >>
 			            (PT_DIR_PAT_SHIFT - PT_PAT_SHIFT));
 	set_pte_common(vcpu, shadow_pte, gaddr,
 		       guest_pde & PT_DIRTY_MASK, access_bits);
 }

 /*
  * Fetch a guest pte from a specific level in the paging hierarchy.
  */
 static pt_element_t *FNAME(fetch_guest)(struct litevm_vcpu *vcpu,
 					struct guest_walker *walker,
 					int level,
 					gva_t addr)
 {

 	ASSERT(level > 0  && level <= walker->level);

 	for (;;) {
 		int index = PT_INDEX(addr, walker->level);
 		hpa_t paddr;

 		ASSERT(((unsigned long)walker->table & PAGE_MASK) ==
 		       ((unsigned long)&walker->table[index] & PAGE_MASK));
 		if (level == walker->level ||
 		    !is_present_pte(walker->table[index]) ||
 		    (walker->level == PT_DIRECTORY_LEVEL &&
 		     (walker->table[index] & PT_PAGE_SIZE_MASK) &&
 		     (PTTYPE == 64 || is_pse())))
 			return &walker->table[index];
 		if (walker->level != 3 || is_long_mode())
 			walker->inherited_ar &= walker->table[index];
 		paddr = safe_gpa_to_hpa(vcpu, walker->table[index] & PT_BASE_ADDR_MASK);
 		//kunmap_atomic(walker->table);
 		//walker->table = vmap_pmem(ppn2page(paddr >> PAGE_SHIFT), PAGE_SIZE);
 		walker->table = KADDR(paddr >> PAGE_SHIFT);
 		--walker->level;
 	}
 }

 /*
  * Fetch a shadow pte for a specific level in the paging hierarchy.
  */
 static uint64_t *FNAME(fetch)(struct litevm_vcpu *vcpu, gva_t addr,
 			      struct guest_walker *walker)
 {
 	hpa_t shadow_addr;
 	int level;
 	uint64_t *prev_shadow_ent = NULL;

 	shadow_addr = vcpu->mmu.root_hpa;
 	level = vcpu->mmu.shadow_root_level;

 	for (; ; level--) {
 		uint32_t index = SHADOW_PT_INDEX(addr, level);
 		uint64_t *shadow_ent = ((uint64_t *)KADDR(shadow_addr)) + index;
 		pt_element_t *guest_ent;

 		if (is_present_pte(*shadow_ent) || is_io_pte(*shadow_ent)) {
 			if (level == PT_PAGE_TABLE_LEVEL)
 				return shadow_ent;
 			shadow_addr = *shadow_ent & PT64_BASE_ADDR_MASK;
 			prev_shadow_ent = shadow_ent;
 			continue;
 		}

 		if (PTTYPE == 32 && level > PT32_ROOT_LEVEL) {
 			ASSERT(level == PT32E_ROOT_LEVEL);
 			guest_ent = FNAME(fetch_guest)(vcpu, walker,
 						       PT32_ROOT_LEVEL, addr);
 		} else
 			guest_ent = FNAME(fetch_guest)(vcpu, walker,
 						       level, addr);

 		if (!is_present_pte(*guest_ent))
 			return NULL;

 		/* Don't set accessed bit on PAE PDPTRs */
 		if (vcpu->mmu.root_level != 3 || walker->level != 3)
 			*guest_ent |= PT_ACCESSED_MASK;

 		if (level == PT_PAGE_TABLE_LEVEL) {

 			if (walker->level == PT_DIRECTORY_LEVEL) {
 				if (prev_shadow_ent)
 					*prev_shadow_ent |= PT_SHADOW_PS_MARK;
 				FNAME(set_pde)(vcpu, *guest_ent, shadow_ent,
 					       walker->inherited_ar,
 				          PT_INDEX(addr, PT_PAGE_TABLE_LEVEL));
 			} else {
 				ASSERT(walker->level == PT_PAGE_TABLE_LEVEL);
 				FNAME(set_pte)(vcpu, *guest_ent, shadow_ent, walker->inherited_ar);
 			}
 			return shadow_ent;
 		}

 		shadow_addr = litevm_mmu_alloc_page(vcpu, shadow_ent);
 		if (!VALID_PAGE(shadow_addr))
 			return ERR_PTR(-ENOMEM);
 		if (!is_long_mode() && level == 3)
 			*shadow_ent = shadow_addr |
 				(*guest_ent & (PT_PRESENT_MASK | PT_PWT_MASK | PT_PCD_MASK));
 		else {
 			*shadow_ent = shadow_addr |
 				(*guest_ent & PT_NON_PTE_COPY_MASK);
 			*shadow_ent |= (PT_WRITABLE_MASK | PT_USER_MASK);
 		}
 		prev_shadow_ent = shadow_ent;
 	}
 }

 /*
  * The guest faulted for write.  We need to
  *
  * - check write permissions
  * - update the guest pte dirty bit
  * - update our own dirty page tracking structures
  */
 static int FNAME(fix_write_pf)(struct litevm_vcpu *vcpu,
 			       uint64_t *shadow_ent,
 			       struct guest_walker *walker,
 			       gva_t addr,
 			       int user)
 {
 	pt_element_t *guest_ent;
 	int writable_shadow;
 	gfn_t gfn;

 	if (is_writeble_pte(*shadow_ent))
 		return 0;

 	writable_shadow = *shadow_ent & PT_SHADOW_WRITABLE_MASK;
 	if (user) {
 		/*
 		 * User mode access.  Fail if it's a kernel page or a read-only
 		 * page.
 		 */
 		if (!(*shadow_ent & PT_SHADOW_USER_MASK) || !writable_shadow)
 			return 0;
 		ASSERT(*shadow_ent & PT_USER_MASK);
 	} else
 		/*
 		 * Kernel mode access.  Fail if it's a read-only page and
 		 * supervisor write protection is enabled.
 		 */
 		if (!writable_shadow) {
 			if (is_write_protection())
 				return 0;
 			*shadow_ent &= ~PT_USER_MASK;
 		}

 	guest_ent = FNAME(fetch_guest)(vcpu, walker, PT_PAGE_TABLE_LEVEL, addr);

 	if (!is_present_pte(*guest_ent)) {
 		*shadow_ent = 0;
 		return 0;
 	}

 	gfn = (*guest_ent & PT64_BASE_ADDR_MASK) >> PAGE_SHIFT;
 	mark_page_dirty(vcpu->litevm, gfn);
 	*shadow_ent |= PT_WRITABLE_MASK;
 	*guest_ent |= PT_DIRTY_MASK;

 	return 1;
 }

 /*
  * Page fault handler.  There are several causes for a page fault:
  *   - there is no shadow pte for the guest pte
  *   - write access through a shadow pte marked read only so that we can set
  *     the dirty bit
  *   - write access to a shadow pte marked read only so we can update the page
  *     dirty bitmap, when userspace requests it
  *   - mmio access; in this case we will never install a present shadow pte
  *   - normal guest page fault due to the guest pte marked not present, not
  *     writable, or not executable
  *
  *  Returns: 1 if we need to emulate the instruction, 0 otherwise
  */
 static int FNAME(page_fault)(struct litevm_vcpu *vcpu, gva_t addr,
 			       uint32_t error_code)
 {
 	int write_fault = error_code & PFERR_WRITE_MASK;
 	int pte_present = error_code & PFERR_PRESENT_MASK;
 	int user_fault = error_code & PFERR_USER_MASK;
 	struct guest_walker walker;
 	uint64_t *shadow_pte;
 	int fixed;

 	/*
 	 * Look up the shadow pte for the faulting address.
 	 */
 	for (;;) {
 		FNAME(init_walker)(&walker, vcpu);
 		shadow_pte = FNAME(fetch)(vcpu, addr, &walker);
 		if (IS_ERR(shadow_pte)) {  /* must be -ENOMEM */
 			nonpaging_flush(vcpu);
 			FNAME(release_walker)(&walker);
 			continue;
 		}
 		break;
 	}

 	/*
 	 * The page is not mapped by the guest.  Let the guest handle it.
 	 */
 	if (!shadow_pte) {
 		inject_page_fault(vcpu, addr, error_code);
 		FNAME(release_walker)(&walker);
 		return 0;
 	}

 	/*
 	 * Update the shadow pte.
 	 */
 	if (write_fault)
 		fixed = FNAME(fix_write_pf)(vcpu, shadow_pte, &walker, addr,
 					    user_fault);
 	else
 		fixed = fix_read_pf(shadow_pte);

 	FNAME(release_walker)(&walker);

 	/*
 	 * mmio: emulate if accessible, otherwise its a guest fault.
 	 */
 	if (is_io_pte(*shadow_pte)) {
 		if (may_access(*shadow_pte, write_fault, user_fault))
 			return 1;
 		pgprintk("%s: io work, no access\n", __FUNCTION__);
 		inject_page_fault(vcpu, addr,
 				  error_code | PFERR_PRESENT_MASK);
 		return 0;
 	}

 	/*
 	 * pte not present, guest page fault.
 	 */
 	if (pte_present && !fixed) {
 		inject_page_fault(vcpu, addr, error_code);
 		return 0;
 	}

 	++litevm_stat.pf_fixed;

 	return 0;
 }

 static gpa_t FNAME(gva_to_gpa)(struct litevm_vcpu *vcpu, gva_t vaddr)
 {
 	struct guest_walker walker;
 	pt_element_t guest_pte;
 	gpa_t gpa;

 	FNAME(init_walker)(&walker, vcpu);
 	guest_pte = *FNAME(fetch_guest)(vcpu, &walker, PT_PAGE_TABLE_LEVEL,
 					vaddr);
 	FNAME(release_walker)(&walker);

 	if (!is_present_pte(guest_pte))
 		return UNMAPPED_GVA;

 	if (walker.level == PT_DIRECTORY_LEVEL) {
 		ASSERT((guest_pte & PT_PAGE_SIZE_MASK));
 		ASSERT(PTTYPE == 64 || is_pse());

 		gpa = (guest_pte & PT_DIR_BASE_ADDR_MASK) | (vaddr &
 			(PT_LEVEL_MASK(PT_PAGE_TABLE_LEVEL) | ~PAGE_MASK));

 		if (PTTYPE == 32 && is_cpuid_PSE36())
 			gpa |= (guest_pte & PT32_DIR_PSE36_MASK) <<
 					(32 - PT32_DIR_PSE36_SHIFT);
 	} else {
 		gpa = (guest_pte & PT_BASE_ADDR_MASK);
 		gpa |= (vaddr & ~PAGE_MASK);
 	}

 	return gpa;
 }

 #undef pt_element_t
 #undef guest_walker
 #undef FNAME
 #undef PT_BASE_ADDR_MASK
 #undef PT_INDEX
 #undef SHADOW_PT_INDEX
 #undef PT_LEVEL_MASK
 #undef PT_PTE_COPY_MASK
 #undef PT_NON_PTE_COPY_MASK
 #undef PT_DIR_BASE_ADDR_MASK
	/*
	* We need the mmu code to access both 32-bit and 64-bit guest ptes,
	* so the code in this file is compiled twice, once per pte size.
	*/

	#if PTTYPE == 64
	#define pt_element_t uint64_t
	#define guest_walker guest_walker64
	#define FNAME(name) paging##64_##name
	#define PT_BASE_ADDR_MASK PT64_BASE_ADDR_MASK
	#define PT_DIR_BASE_ADDR_MASK PT64_DIR_BASE_ADDR_MASK
	#define PT_INDEX(addr, level) PT64_INDEX(addr, level)
	#define SHADOW_PT_INDEX(addr, level) PT64_INDEX(addr, level)
	#define PT_LEVEL_MASK(level) PT64_LEVEL_MASK(level)
	#define PT_PTE_COPY_MASK PT64_PTE_COPY_MASK
	#define PT_NON_PTE_COPY_MASK PT64_NON_PTE_COPY_MASK
	#elif PTTYPE == 32
	#define pt_element_t uint32_t
	#define guest_walker guest_walker32
	#define FNAME(name) paging##32_##name
	#define PT_BASE_ADDR_MASK PT32_BASE_ADDR_MASK
	#define PT_DIR_BASE_ADDR_MASK PT32_DIR_BASE_ADDR_MASK
	#define PT_INDEX(addr, level) PT32_INDEX(addr, level)
	#define SHADOW_PT_INDEX(addr, level) PT64_INDEX(addr, level)
	#define PT_LEVEL_MASK(level) PT32_LEVEL_MASK(level)
	#define PT_PTE_COPY_MASK PT32_PTE_COPY_MASK
	#define PT_NON_PTE_COPY_MASK PT32_NON_PTE_COPY_MASK
	#else
	#error Invalid PTTYPE value
	#endif

	/*
	* The guest_walker structure emulates the behavior of the hardware page
	* table walker.
	*/
	struct guest_walker {
	int level;
	pt_element_t *table;
	pt_element_t inherited_ar;
	};

	static void FNAME(init_walker)(struct guest_walker *walker,
	struct litevm_vcpu *vcpu)
	{
	hpa_t hpa;
	struct litevm_memory_slot *slot;

	walker->level = vcpu->mmu.root_level;
	slot = gfn_to_memslot(vcpu->litevm,
	(vcpu->cr3 & PT64_BASE_ADDR_MASK) >> PAGE_SHIFT);
	hpa = safe_gpa_to_hpa(vcpu, vcpu->cr3 & PT64_BASE_ADDR_MASK);
	// well, it seems that stuff is always addressable in akaros. I hope.
	//walker->table = vmap_pmem(ppn2page(hpa >> PAGE_SHIFT), PAGE_SIZE);
	walker->table = KADDR(hpa);

	ASSERT((!is_long_mode() && is_pae()) \|\|
	(vcpu->cr3 & ~(PAGE_MASK \| CR3_FLAGS_MASK)) == 0);

	walker->table = (pt_element_t *)( (unsigned long)walker->table \|
	(unsigned long)(vcpu->cr3 & ~(PAGE_MASK \| CR3_FLAGS_MASK)) );
	walker->inherited_ar = PT_USER_MASK \| PT_WRITABLE_MASK;
	}

	static void FNAME(release_walker)(struct guest_walker *walker)
	{
	//vunmap_pmem(walker->table, PAGE_SIZE);
	}

	static void FNAME(set_pte)(struct litevm_vcpu *vcpu, uint64_t guest_pte,
	uint64_t *shadow_pte, uint64_t access_bits)
	{
	ASSERT(*shadow_pte == 0);
	access_bits &= guest_pte;
	*shadow_pte = (guest_pte & PT_PTE_COPY_MASK);
	set_pte_common(vcpu, shadow_pte, guest_pte & PT_BASE_ADDR_MASK,
	guest_pte & PT_DIRTY_MASK, access_bits);
	}

	static void FNAME(set_pde)(struct litevm_vcpu *vcpu, uint64_t guest_pde,
	uint64_t *shadow_pte, uint64_t access_bits,
	int index)
	{
	gpa_t gaddr;

	ASSERT(*shadow_pte == 0);
	access_bits &= guest_pde;
	gaddr = (guest_pde & PT_DIR_BASE_ADDR_MASK) + PAGE_SIZE * index;
	if (PTTYPE == 32 && is_cpuid_PSE36())
	gaddr \|= (guest_pde & PT32_DIR_PSE36_MASK) <<
	(32 - PT32_DIR_PSE36_SHIFT);
	*shadow_pte = (guest_pde & PT_NON_PTE_COPY_MASK) \|
	((guest_pde & PT_DIR_PAT_MASK) >>
	(PT_DIR_PAT_SHIFT - PT_PAT_SHIFT));
	set_pte_common(vcpu, shadow_pte, gaddr,
	guest_pde & PT_DIRTY_MASK, access_bits);
	}

	/*
	* Fetch a guest pte from a specific level in the paging hierarchy.
	*/
	static pt_element_t FNAME(fetch_guest)(struct litevm_vcpu vcpu,
	struct guest_walker *walker,
	int level,
	gva_t addr)
	{

	ASSERT(level > 0 && level <= walker->level);

	for (;;) {
	int index = PT_INDEX(addr, walker->level);
	hpa_t paddr;

	ASSERT(((unsigned long)walker->table & PAGE_MASK) ==
	((unsigned long)&walker->table[index] & PAGE_MASK));
	if (level == walker->level \|\|
	!is_present_pte(walker->table[index]) \|\|
	(walker->level == PT_DIRECTORY_LEVEL &&
	(walker->table[index] & PT_PAGE_SIZE_MASK) &&
	(PTTYPE == 64 \|\| is_pse())))
	return &walker->table[index];
	if (walker->level != 3 \|\| is_long_mode())
	walker->inherited_ar &= walker->table[index];
	paddr = safe_gpa_to_hpa(vcpu, walker->table[index] & PT_BASE_ADDR_MASK);
	//kunmap_atomic(walker->table);
	//walker->table = vmap_pmem(ppn2page(paddr >> PAGE_SHIFT), PAGE_SIZE);
	walker->table = KADDR(paddr >> PAGE_SHIFT);
	--walker->level;
	}
	}

	/*
	* Fetch a shadow pte for a specific level in the paging hierarchy.
	*/
	static uint64_t FNAME(fetch)(struct litevm_vcpu vcpu, gva_t addr,
	struct guest_walker *walker)
	{
	hpa_t shadow_addr;
	int level;
	uint64_t *prev_shadow_ent = NULL;

	shadow_addr = vcpu->mmu.root_hpa;
	level = vcpu->mmu.shadow_root_level;

	for (; ; level--) {
	uint32_t index = SHADOW_PT_INDEX(addr, level);
	uint64_t shadow_ent = ((uint64_t )KADDR(shadow_addr)) + index;
	pt_element_t *guest_ent;

	if (is_present_pte(shadow_ent) \|\| is_io_pte(shadow_ent)) {
	if (level == PT_PAGE_TABLE_LEVEL)
	return shadow_ent;
	shadow_addr = *shadow_ent & PT64_BASE_ADDR_MASK;
	prev_shadow_ent = shadow_ent;
	continue;
	}

	if (PTTYPE == 32 && level > PT32_ROOT_LEVEL) {
	ASSERT(level == PT32E_ROOT_LEVEL);
	guest_ent = FNAME(fetch_guest)(vcpu, walker,
	PT32_ROOT_LEVEL, addr);
	} else
	guest_ent = FNAME(fetch_guest)(vcpu, walker,
	level, addr);

	if (!is_present_pte(*guest_ent))
	return NULL;

	/* Don't set accessed bit on PAE PDPTRs */
	if (vcpu->mmu.root_level != 3 \|\| walker->level != 3)
	*guest_ent \|= PT_ACCESSED_MASK;

	if (level == PT_PAGE_TABLE_LEVEL) {

	if (walker->level == PT_DIRECTORY_LEVEL) {
	if (prev_shadow_ent)
	*prev_shadow_ent \|= PT_SHADOW_PS_MARK;
	FNAME(set_pde)(vcpu, *guest_ent, shadow_ent,
	walker->inherited_ar,
	PT_INDEX(addr, PT_PAGE_TABLE_LEVEL));
	} else {
	ASSERT(walker->level == PT_PAGE_TABLE_LEVEL);
	FNAME(set_pte)(vcpu, *guest_ent, shadow_ent, walker->inherited_ar);
	}
	return shadow_ent;
	}

	shadow_addr = litevm_mmu_alloc_page(vcpu, shadow_ent);
	if (!VALID_PAGE(shadow_addr))
	return ERR_PTR(-ENOMEM);
	if (!is_long_mode() && level == 3)
	*shadow_ent = shadow_addr \|
	(*guest_ent & (PT_PRESENT_MASK \| PT_PWT_MASK \| PT_PCD_MASK));
	else {
	*shadow_ent = shadow_addr \|
	(*guest_ent & PT_NON_PTE_COPY_MASK);
	*shadow_ent \|= (PT_WRITABLE_MASK \| PT_USER_MASK);
	}
	prev_shadow_ent = shadow_ent;
	}
	}

	/*
	* The guest faulted for write. We need to
	*
	* - check write permissions
	* - update the guest pte dirty bit
	* - update our own dirty page tracking structures
	*/
	static int FNAME(fix_write_pf)(struct litevm_vcpu *vcpu,
	uint64_t *shadow_ent,
	struct guest_walker *walker,
	gva_t addr,
	int user)
	{
	pt_element_t *guest_ent;
	int writable_shadow;
	gfn_t gfn;

	if (is_writeble_pte(*shadow_ent))
	return 0;

	writable_shadow = *shadow_ent & PT_SHADOW_WRITABLE_MASK;
	if (user) {
	/*
	* User mode access. Fail if it's a kernel page or a read-only
	* page.
	*/
	if (!(*shadow_ent & PT_SHADOW_USER_MASK) \|\| !writable_shadow)
	return 0;
	ASSERT(*shadow_ent & PT_USER_MASK);
	} else
	/*
	* Kernel mode access. Fail if it's a read-only page and
	* supervisor write protection is enabled.
	*/
	if (!writable_shadow) {
	if (is_write_protection())
	return 0;
	*shadow_ent &= ~PT_USER_MASK;
	}

	guest_ent = FNAME(fetch_guest)(vcpu, walker, PT_PAGE_TABLE_LEVEL, addr);

	if (!is_present_pte(*guest_ent)) {
	*shadow_ent = 0;
	return 0;
	}

	gfn = (*guest_ent & PT64_BASE_ADDR_MASK) >> PAGE_SHIFT;
	mark_page_dirty(vcpu->litevm, gfn);
	*shadow_ent \|= PT_WRITABLE_MASK;
	*guest_ent \|= PT_DIRTY_MASK;

	return 1;
	}

	/*
	* Page fault handler. There are several causes for a page fault:
	* - there is no shadow pte for the guest pte
	* - write access through a shadow pte marked read only so that we can set
	* the dirty bit
	* - write access to a shadow pte marked read only so we can update the page
	* dirty bitmap, when userspace requests it
	* - mmio access; in this case we will never install a present shadow pte
	* - normal guest page fault due to the guest pte marked not present, not
	* writable, or not executable
	*
	* Returns: 1 if we need to emulate the instruction, 0 otherwise
	*/
	static int FNAME(page_fault)(struct litevm_vcpu *vcpu, gva_t addr,
	uint32_t error_code)
	{
	int write_fault = error_code & PFERR_WRITE_MASK;
	int pte_present = error_code & PFERR_PRESENT_MASK;
	int user_fault = error_code & PFERR_USER_MASK;
	struct guest_walker walker;
	uint64_t *shadow_pte;
	int fixed;

	/*
	* Look up the shadow pte for the faulting address.
	*/
	for (;;) {
	FNAME(init_walker)(&walker, vcpu);
	shadow_pte = FNAME(fetch)(vcpu, addr, &walker);
	if (IS_ERR(shadow_pte)) { /* must be -ENOMEM */
	nonpaging_flush(vcpu);
	FNAME(release_walker)(&walker);
	continue;
	}
	break;
	}

	/*
	* The page is not mapped by the guest. Let the guest handle it.
	*/
	if (!shadow_pte) {
	inject_page_fault(vcpu, addr, error_code);
	FNAME(release_walker)(&walker);
	return 0;
	}

	/*
	* Update the shadow pte.
	*/
	if (write_fault)
	fixed = FNAME(fix_write_pf)(vcpu, shadow_pte, &walker, addr,
	user_fault);
	else
	fixed = fix_read_pf(shadow_pte);

	FNAME(release_walker)(&walker);

	/*
	* mmio: emulate if accessible, otherwise its a guest fault.
	*/
	if (is_io_pte(*shadow_pte)) {
	if (may_access(*shadow_pte, write_fault, user_fault))
	return 1;
	pgprintk("%s: io work, no access\n", __FUNCTION__);
	inject_page_fault(vcpu, addr,
	error_code \| PFERR_PRESENT_MASK);
	return 0;
	}

	/*
	* pte not present, guest page fault.
	*/
	if (pte_present && !fixed) {
	inject_page_fault(vcpu, addr, error_code);
	return 0;
	}

	++litevm_stat.pf_fixed;

	return 0;
	}

	static gpa_t FNAME(gva_to_gpa)(struct litevm_vcpu *vcpu, gva_t vaddr)
	{
	struct guest_walker walker;
	pt_element_t guest_pte;
	gpa_t gpa;

	FNAME(init_walker)(&walker, vcpu);
	guest_pte = *FNAME(fetch_guest)(vcpu, &walker, PT_PAGE_TABLE_LEVEL,
	vaddr);
	FNAME(release_walker)(&walker);

	if (!is_present_pte(guest_pte))
	return UNMAPPED_GVA;

	if (walker.level == PT_DIRECTORY_LEVEL) {
	ASSERT((guest_pte & PT_PAGE_SIZE_MASK));
	ASSERT(PTTYPE == 64 \|\| is_pse());

	gpa = (guest_pte & PT_DIR_BASE_ADDR_MASK) \| (vaddr &
	(PT_LEVEL_MASK(PT_PAGE_TABLE_LEVEL) \| ~PAGE_MASK));

	if (PTTYPE == 32 && is_cpuid_PSE36())
	gpa \|= (guest_pte & PT32_DIR_PSE36_MASK) <<
	(32 - PT32_DIR_PSE36_SHIFT);
	} else {
	gpa = (guest_pte & PT_BASE_ADDR_MASK);
	gpa \|= (vaddr & ~PAGE_MASK);
	}

	return gpa;
	}

	#undef pt_element_t
	#undef guest_walker
	#undef FNAME
	#undef PT_BASE_ADDR_MASK
	#undef PT_INDEX
	#undef SHADOW_PT_INDEX
	#undef PT_LEVEL_MASK
	#undef PT_PTE_COPY_MASK
	#undef PT_NON_PTE_COPY_MASK
	#undef PT_DIR_BASE_ADDR_MASK